Why Is It Accurate To Think Of Each Human Being As The Owner Of A Library Of Ancient Information Essay Example

Why Is It Accurate To Think Of Each Human Being As The Owner Of A Library Of Ancient Information Essay All through the investigation of the improvement of humanity researchers, students of history and archeologists have gone over different verifications and confirmations of the ability of man to record the occasions occurring around him. The best proof of this capacity are the hieroglyphics found in the antiquated Egyptian burial places that recount to the authentic story of their pharaoh’s lives just as the battles of the Egyptian people.Scientifically, our qualities, the DNA that makes up our entire framework, is encoded with all the gathered data of our precursors. Regardless of whether we know it or not, we convey the information on an antiquated development inside us. Prepared for the picking or use whenever that it gets important to do as such. This can be plainly found in the manner our children create. They are conceived without knowing any correspondence and basic instincts but figure out how to pass on their requirements utilizing crude abilities that were first utili zed by our initial predecessors. I accept that looking at the situation objectively for some time, we will understand that all that we are currently as people and as an aggregate people comes from the old data that we as a whole convey inside us, however we don't intentionally understand that we are utilizing such information.We unknowingly convey antiquated data inside us. This regularly becomes exposed when we are set in circumstances wherein we are called upon to take advantage of an inward quality, information, or expertise that we never realized we had. In such cases, it is that antiquated data that encourages us manage any circumstance confronting us.

The Censorship Of Art Essays - Young British Artists,

The Censorship of Art The Censorship of Workmanship Things are warming up in America. Individuals are fighting outside of the cinemas, shows, and book and record stores of this incredible country all over the place. What is all the complain about? Oversight, Government authorities and absolutely crazy dissidents the same have been attempting to stop the expressive innovativeness in everything from Marilyn Manson to Mark Twain. One of the greatest purges occurred in galleries everywhere throughout the world as of late that would have made Michelangelo and DiVinchi's hair remain on end. In the Constitution of the United States, the First Amendment ensures the right to speak freely of discourse, religion, press, the option to gather and to request the administration; the Ninth Amendment says, The count in the Constitution, of specific rights, will not be translated to deny or belittle others held by the individuals. So it appears to be one can't utilize any of different rights to subdue the privileges of an individual or gathering. At that point for what reason is the administration attempting to blue pencil writing, motion pictures, music and workmanship? The entirety of the world's cutting edge society has gotten desensitized and effectively trainable. Thusly society has come to acknowledge the standards, ethics, and qualities crashed into the mind by the predominant powers in the country: the Government and the Church. By calming the target voice these two foundations remain ahead of the pack and remain in charge. One may expect that the parasitic government officials have nothing preferred to do over to search for things that irritate any one significant gathering of individuals (for example the congregation) to acquire votes. In this way the legislature is turning out to be increasingly controlling and imaginative restriction is simply one more approach to look after control. Things were not generally so. Government had almost no to state about blue penciling anything. Was it not just three decades prior that as one country the populace was joined together by the goals of harmony love, and congruity? As a workmanship understudy in the 60's time, Robert Mansfield states in his article, Artistic Freedom: government challenge the principal revision was only occasionally an issue of concern...In truth it appeared that limits of articulation were represented distinctly by individual innovative capacity insight and creative mind. Where have these standards gone? It appears lately they have vanished with the opportunity of thought. Why is it so critical to certain individuals not to outrage? It appears the individuals without any problem outraged are the ones choosing what is adequate for the populace. Well about 10 years back when the country bantered about financing disputable workmanship, composes John Cloud of TIME magazine, in the capital of rough, few individuals consider inconsiderate workmanship an issue. Articles going in titles from New York's Art Attack to Innovative Chaos are showing up in TIME and other various first page materials the nation over. In H.G. Hovagimyan's TOKARTOK: The Censorship of Art, he states: Craftsmen are regularly asked to change portions of their attempts to adjust to the publics profound quality. This has been going on since the Pope requested that Michelangelo paint fig leaves on Adam and Eve. Yes remember about the control the congregation has had on masterful articulation since the get-go. At the point when the congregation has something to state everybody tunes in. It is interesting how when something insults the congregation it rapidly vanishes. Nonetheless, when these individuals see some air pocket that it would appear that the substance of the Virgin Mary in a tortilla chip, they begin adoring it. Next comes a media carnival and before lunch it is all over CNN and each different news communicate on the planet. It is evident the administration utilizes those circumstances to advance the Church and its beliefs of worthy craftsmanship even on the off chance that it is a tortilla chip. As the 1960's reached a conclusion the significance what's more, significance of the primary alteration got unquestionable. The Democratic National Convention in Chicago, challenging the Vietnam War and the political deaths of the late 1960's (with the administrations' contribution and complaint) indicated that the alleged ensured right of opportunity of articulation was not all that ensured any longer. This point was demonstrated again by the occurrence at Kent State University on May 4, 1970, where understudies energizing against the presidents choice to send troops into Cambodia without announcing war were captured, beaten, besieged with nerve gas, and eventually shot at by twelve men furnished with M-1 rifles. A sum of 67 shots were discharged in 13 seconds. Is the thing that it said in on the May fourth Task Power of Kent State University. Four of the understudies were murdered and nine were injured. The degree the administration would go to so as to subdue the target voice

How to Make a College Essay - A Primer

How to Make a College Essay - A PrimerHow to make a college essay? There are very few students that do not have trouble with writing a college-level essay, and for good reason. To make a good essay, there must be structure, correct grammar, and a clear and concise argument.There are several ways to write a college-level essay, but the key to how to make a college essay is actually rather simple. Before beginning any essay, students should take the time to sit down and plan out the outline. The outline will be where the first draft of the essay will be set. Once this outline is complete, it is time to start writing.It is important that students adhere to a basic structure when they begin to write an essay. As long as the outline has been followed and a structure is adhered to, there should be no problem in creating a decent looking first draft. Most often than not, this first draft is the one that is turned in, making the student's job of how to make a college essay much easier.Once t he student has a basic outline and idea of how to make a college essay written, he or she can begin. Every college-level essay will have a particular topic that will guide the student through the entire process. How do you know what topic to choose? The first thing to do is to find a topic that interests you and ask around. If a friend or loved one has gone to college, ask them what types of topics they remember seeing.Popular topics to choose include politics, philosophy, religion, etc. This may seem somewhat trivial, but the more you ask, the more ideas you will gather on a subject, especially if the topic is not within your own knowledge. By asking around, students can also get advice on how to make a college essay from those that have gone before them.How to make a college essay will become easier when students realize that there is a right way and a wrong way to go about the process. There is a traditional format for essay topics and there is also a more informal format for ess ays. Traditional topics are usually paragraphs of information or facts, while informal topics may be words and sentences with no real meaning, but that will not really matter in the end. Each topic should be written out according to the rules of grammar and the point of the essay will be to make a good argument, not to sound as though it was written by a child.If the topic chosen does not make sense, students may feel that how to make a college essay is useless, but that is actually a common misconception. The points that need to be made in a topic will always be worth making; it is what makes a topic so good. Essays will often need to address controversial issues, so the rules of grammar can still apply.Writing should be easy, not tedious, and should make a student think with their mind, not their hand. College students spend most of their time in their heads, and the more that they have to think about what they are writing, the less time they will have to think of something else. Writing a college-level essay is only hard if the student has not put their ideas into words.

The Health Care System Of Any Country Provides Demand For...

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION The health care system of any country ensures that it maintains demand for its services and coverage of the same to the public. Coverage refers to the percentage of people in need of the health services who actually access them. The demand for and coverage of the health care services are impacted by many factors and client satisfaction is among them. The level of satisfaction to a service determines its future utilization. The Kenyan government has demonstrated the aim to increase the coverage of health services in the country as well as maintain the demand by the people. The initiation of ‘free delivery’ policy by the government and subsequent incorporation of the ‘Beyond Zero’ campaign are the most recent developments in attempt to meet the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) number five- improve maternal health. Today, women in Kenya can access free delivery services in the public health facilities. Moreover, the beyond zero campaign has se en the introduction of mobile clinics where women can access the free delivery services (Beyond Zero, 2015). This is aimed at reducing the distance barrier in implementing the free-delivery policy. However, these strategic measures are dependent on the level of client satisfaction to the services offered in the hospitals. The quality of maternity services and client satisfaction are directly proportional to each other. High quality maternity care will produce great satisfaction rates to theShow MoreRelatedTechnology And Its Impact On The Development Of A Polio Vaccine1736 Words   |  7 PagesTechnology contributes a great role in our daily lives in today’s world. The advancement of technology in health care services has increased and improved tremendously over the past century. New technology, new drugs and creative surgical procedures have made possible a wide variety of life enhancing and life extending medical accomplishments. 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The Controversial Issue of Animal Ethics Essay - 2579 Words

The Controversial Issue of Animal Ethics The struggle against sickness and disease is not over, yet medical progress is being threatened by activists who would end the use of laboratory animals in the search for treatment and cures. Their well financed anti-research disinformation campaign is not the only weapon used by animal rights activists. The more extreme animal rights activists have used tactics of intimidation and terrorism, for example: April 26,1997, activists were arrested when they tried to force their way into Yerkes Regional Primate center during a protest. July 21,1997, The Animal Liberation Front (ALF) set fire to Cavel West, a horse rendering plan. July 5,1998, The ALF broke into a laboratory at Cornell†¦show more content†¦Human beings are not the only species who benefit from animal testing. Table 1 depicts the advances in biomedical research for animals. Without animal research humans and animals would still be dying or totally wiped out from these diseases. 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Contemporary Ireland On Stage Essay Example For Students

Contemporary Ireland On Stage Essay 2016Final essay 60% (3000 words) Tuesday 3 May at 2pm Deliver to Drama and Film Studies Administrator, C218, Newman Building1. The tendency of a nation towards xenophobia or insularity can beresisted by its own narrative resources to imagine itself otherwise?(Richard Kearney) Discuss this statement, in relation to theatre, making close reference to two plays/productions on your course. 2. In Tom Kilroys stage direction to Talbots Box (1979), the set is described as a primitive, enclosed space, part-prison, part-sanctuary, part-acting space. This description almost perfectly situates virtually all of Irish drama in the last twenty years. 3. Contemporary Irish plays explore the irresolvable conflict betweenentrapment and unhomeliness? (Anna McMullan) Discuss this statement withclose reference to the work of two contemporary Irish playwrights onyour course. 4. Despite all the changes to the material wealth of Ireland during the Celtic Tiger period (1993-2007), so many of Irelands playwrights set their works in contexts of subsistence living and destitution. Regularly, there appears to be a sentimentalising of poverty, a romanticisation of difference, and characterisations based on a tendency towards histrionics (Pilkington), rather than more precise and critical interrogations of broader systemic civic injustices. 5.Irish plays and/or performances can no longer rely on agreed national images, and actively work to challenge them. Discuss with detailed reference to two plays or performances on your module. 6. How do contemporary Irish plays construct audiences as voyeurs, as witnesses, as participants, and/or as judges? Discuss with close reference to two plays on your module. 7. Most plays are about families and the shock of change. Discuss this statement (based on Frank McGuinnesss comment on The Hanging Gardens) with close reference to two plays on your module. Please include references to at least six critical sources.

Etrade Baby free essay sample

A Talking Infant, Financial Systems, Golf What do a talking baby, stock markets, and golf all have in common? Nothing, right? Wrong. E*Trade – a popular public online financial services group – uses all three of these entities to create a commercial that has had people talking for years. When the commercial is over, you are left in shock at what you just saw, a baby in a high-chair talking about the stock market. But will the ad’s weirdness produce sales of the company’s program for years to come as well?Or just make it a highly talked about YouTube video? To the contrary, E*Trade does a professional job in conveying its message of simplicity to â€Å"average Joes† who are looking to either become day traders, start a retirement fund, or even banking. E*Trade’s main audience is not a person with a net worth or five million dollars. We will write a custom essay sample on Etrade Baby or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page E*Trade is looking to sell their product to â€Å"average joe† type clients. It can be assumed this because E*Trade uses the financial term â€Å"401k† in their commercial; this is the most popular tax investment form everyone has.The main character of the commercial is â€Å"The E*Trade Baby,† but there’s a catch, the baby speaks with a mature older man’s voice. This adds a sense of weirdness to the commercial right off the bat. One may question the validity of a company whose commercials star a talking baby, but this is a clever marketing approach because if people see a talking baby, something they don’t see every day, they will immediately become engaged in the commercial. E*Trade uses a baby as a symbol for inexperience, simplicity and an older man’s voice for knowledge.E*Trade wants to show the audience that if a baby can you use the program, so can the audience. They also want to show knowledge, that E*Trade is a reliable and trusted company, so they use the voice of an older man to portray legitimacy. E*Trade wants to declare that â€Å"Yes, this is a legit company and yes, we’re simple to use,† so a talking baby fits in perfectly to both categories. Just like the Old Spice commercials talked about in class, the E*Trade Baby ads have many spinoffs with numerous situations the baby is in. The commercial I am focusing on is set in a golf country club locker room.The ad starts off with the baby talking to a man named Frank. The baby says â€Å"Ah, this is weak, man. Frank’s trying to not pay me my winnings for the skins beat down I just issued him. † The baby has now caught the attention of the audience with this opening line because people are drawn into the weirdness of a talking baby in the commercial. Now when he starts to talk about finance and what the company actually does, viewers will be already engaged. Not only does the talking baby raise questions that attract us to this ad, but there are many other.For instance, why is a baby playing golf with old man? And why is there a computer in the locker room of a country golf club? All All these questions have no answers but it draws us into the commercial and makes us connected to it, hopefully throughout the commercial we will find answers to these questions, but in this case we do not. E*Trade’s goal is to get a lot of publicity and attention with their commercials while providing us with the smallest amount of information. This is because E*Trade wants people to inquire about the company and have them visit E*Trade’s website us. etrade. com.Once on the website, people will be impressed by the fancy website that proves it is a legitimate company, and lured into signing up for an account The baby says â€Å"His (Frank) 401k’s tankin. Ya gotta grab the reins man. Get E*Trade, do some analytics, do some research (into the stock market), and take charge so I don’t have to subsidize your lack of skills. † There’s actually a lot of information about the company and its message all in that little saying. The E*Trade baby uses a clever balance a financial terms and jokes to put the viewer in an informal setting while talking about a big decision a person must make.E*Trade is not an elite company for only the â€Å"one-percenters† to use. E*Trade’s goal is to get skilled and novice users with just a little amount of money to open an accountant. Using the term 401k is strategically brilliant because everyone who works for a company most likely has one. E*Trade could have used any tax form number, but chose the most popular one to relate to the most people and with the current economy, it’s probably on the minds of most people right now. When the baby says, â€Å"Do some analytics, do some research, and take charge,† he is describing the job of the novice investor.The baby is now describing that when using the E*Trade software, you are able to look at analytical charts and graphs, read news articles and research about potential stock purchases and basically to take charge of your life. E*Trade does not buy and sell stock for you; you have to do it yourself. You are in control of the future and E*Trade presents the question â€Å"What are you going to do to prepare yourself for it? † Itâ€⠄¢s hard to tell whom is the exact audience E*Trade is trying to promote itself to, but assumptions can be made. Since it is a golf setting in a country club, they are focusing on males anywhere from 20s to 60s (the general range of persons with a 401k). E*Trade did a good job picking a wide range of ages with this advertisement, which is what makes it such a good ad! Since the ad is set in a country club locker room, E*Trade is also advertising to a certain class of people I believe: well educated men who know a think about finance and who play golf. Golf is an expensive sport. I think if you have money to play golf you would be interested and would know the benefits of investing.But are they also advertising to a whole inclusive audience with a cute baby to grab the attentions of mothers and grandmothers? Only the directions and producers know that answer. You can have a good commercial, the best commercial ever known to man. But if you don’t have the right exposure no one will see it. E*Trade played this commercial before and after Superbowl XLII on February 1, 2009. Back to what was said before on the age of the audience, 20s to 60s. That basically sums up the audience of the Superbowl as well; perfect.E*Trade picked the most opportune time to run this commercial and not only reaches its projected audience, but all 90 some odd million people that tune in each year to watch the game, and the commercials. Another part of the commercial that is important to take into consideration is the point of view in which we view the commercial. Since the program E*Trade is used on a computer, the great minds behind this commercial put the camera where a usually webcam should be. This is to provide a visual of where the user of E*Trade’s product will be using the product. This is brilliant because now we see the baby sitting in a chair in front of the computer using a keyboard and a mouse, in the same spot where we would use the program was well. The E*Trade Baby Commercial is trying to sell to their audience a financial services program available to download on the computer. E*Trade does a good job in getting the attention of its viewer and making a hard subject of finance fun and entertaining. E*Trade describes everything that their company’s mission statement says that they are, â€Å"A financial services ompany that is simple to use. Designed with the user in mind. † There is no doubt in my mind that this commercial will go down as a classic and will have people talking about the â€Å"E*Trade baby† for years to come. To respond to the question previously stated in the beginning of this paper. Even though this commercial will be popular for years to come, will the ad produce sales of the company’s program for years to come as well? It turns out, no. When a person is looking to invest in money, they normally look for a company that is well-reputable and well-respected.Humor is no doubt, un-debatable, a marketing tool to grab the attention of a viewer, but humor in advertising is very hard to pull off because you simply never know what people will laugh out. Some think it funny, others think it’s not. In order for a commercial to use humor, the company should be trying to sell humor. Clearly E*Trade does not sell humor.. Instead of a talking baby to grab the audience’s attention and provide a laugh, E*Trade should create a well-informative commercial that captures the audience’s attention and show how one can benefit from using E*Trade.

Arthur Murray(Ns) Pty Ltd V Fct (1965) 114 Clr 314 Essays

Arthur Murray(Ns) Pty Ltd V Fct (1965) 114 Clr 314 Essays Arthur Murray(Ns) Pty Ltd V Fct (1965) 114 Clr 314 Essay Arthur Murray(Ns) Pty Ltd V Fct (1965) 114 Clr 314 Essay Part A (i) the fact arises on Arthur Murray(NS) Pty Ltd V FCT (1965) 114 CLR 314 is that the taxpayer sold prepaid dancing lessons with prepaid fees attributable in part to lessons to be provided in future income years. The commissioner assessed the tax payer on the basis that prepaid fees constituted income derived by the taxpayer when received. The high court concluded that amount received in respect of service to be provided in future years are not earned until the future obligations for which they are paid are discharged. Arthur Murray’s case can be co-related with the given condition of RIP Pty Ltd as the company is providing funeral services which is provided only after the death of client. For this they are receiving money in advance in order to provide future service . that’s why the case is related to Arthur Murray case ii a) The professional people like Doctor, engineer and small business they can access their income in cash basis if their income turnover is up to $ 2 million a year. Section 6 of ITAA 97, Provisions for ordinary income and statutory income are given in s6-5 and s 6-10 in income tax assessment act 1997. Income is derived upon the arising of enforceable debt for taxpayer who carries business of supplying goods. Professional fees for services are derived upon the arising of recoverable amounts during course of carrying business however if the amounts are basically reward for the personal service then the fees are derived upon its reception. The prepayments for goods and services are assessable only when that services or goods are provided. Dividends, wages and salaries are derived when paid and received respectively. Likewise, interest is also derived upon it receipt but if the taxpayer is in the course of lending    business then accrual basis is appropriate. And, all the trading income is derived at the point of sales. (Gilders et. al. 2009). According to Arthur Murray case, income is derived when the service is provided . Relating to RIP Company with Arthur Murray principle, we can say that RIP Company will derive their income only when the service is provided to its client. b) Yes the Arthur Murray principle apply to the company‘s accounting treatment of amounts in funeral plan No 1 and 2. Funeral plan 1 is a fixed price contract and when the agreed amount is paid, the client is guaranteed deluxe funeral arrangement. Under funeral plan 2 company continuously receive installment until the death of the client . however the fund is refundable but only 85% upon the cancellation where as money received is not refundable in funeral plan 1 . On the both plan, the company ultimately receive providing funeral services in the future . if we co-relate their services with the situation of Arthur Murray, we can see that they first receive the money first but provide service later in the future to its client. That’s why Arthur Murray principle is applicable to RIP Pty Ltd. c) Yes the commissioner or any tax payer have a choice in the method of accounting for tax. There are some cases that can be introduced to answer this question briefly. Carden’s case , the judgment of Dixon J , with whom a majority of the court agreed ,stated it was necessary to use the tax accounting methods that would reveal a â€Å"substantially correct reflex of the taxpayer’s true income â€Å". The court concluded it was appropriate to recognize professional income on a cash basis. Similarly Henderson case concluded that partnership should account on an accrual basis for income years after 30 June 1964. Similarly in Fc of T v Firstenberg 76 AT (4141) case, the court stated that where the taxpayer is a professional Sole practitioner, it is appropriate his income to be consider as being cash basis . Imposing the use of accrual basis on a professional sole practitioner would represent unrealistic and un reasonably burden. We can say that if the company is a Pty Ltd or Partnership , the tax payer derives income on accrual basis and if the tax payer is a sole trader then the income should be derived on cash basis (iii) According to sec 6-5(1)(2) Assessable income include according to ordinary concept and if a person is an Australian resident then taxpayer income includes the ordinary income derived directly or indirectly from all sources whether in or out of Australia during the income year . In funeral Plan 1 as there is no policy of refunding, the amount $ 225,000 will be assessable income if the client dies abroad. Where as in Funeral plan 2, the amount $ 4125 will be assessable for tax purpose as there is no one to claim the refund (iv) According to sec 104-150 ITAA 1997 if a person make a capital gain and deposit is more than the expenditure occurred in connection with the prospective sale or other transaction . People make a capital loss if the deposit is less. According to taxation ruling 97/19 Para 7, we can consider that other CGT provision apply with the effect that a forfeited, deposit is assessable as a capital gain in certain circumstances. The amount $16200 paid by defaulting member is consider as capital gain and should be assessable income under sec 104 -150 of ITAA 1997and TR 97/19 . RIP is not incurring any expenses against the forfeited amount paid by default member. Part B I) in simple language , trading is a buying and selling securities or commodities on a short term basis , hoping to make quick profit The term trading stock is defined in section 70-10 of the 1997 Act to include anything produced, manufactured or acquired that is held for purposes of manufacture, sale or exchange in the ordinary course of a business. Trading stock of a mining business comprises those tangible assets that are held for sale in the ordinary course of that business. Caskets and other accessories are acquired by a company to provide their funeral services . these accessories are trading stock for that company without which they cannot provide their services . the amount of $25000 spend by a company for trading stock which is spend to gain accessible income can be claimed for general deductable under sec8 (1) ITAA 1997 . II) according to sec 44(1) ITAA 1936 , shareholder in a company whether the company is resident or nonresident states that the dividend other than that are paid to the shareholder by a company out of profit derived by it from any source is assessable income . Under sec 207 -5 ITAA 1997 , if a corporate tax entity makes a franked distribution to one of its member then as a general rule –amount equals to the franking credit on the distribution is included in the member’s assessable income and the member is entitled to a tax offset that is equal to the same amount of money . Here the cash dividend paid is $ 21000 which is fully franked which means amount is paid after deducting the tax. Total amount before tax can be calculated by multiplying by 30 and dividing by 70. Mathematically 21000*30/70 =30000. Therefore $ 30000 is the company’s assessable dividend. Sec 82 K2MD, ITAA 1936 (Expenses * no. f days of eligible service period) / total no. of days of eligible service period 57000*122/731 =9513 is deductable amount Sec 26-10 ITAA 1997 , you cannot deduct loss or outgoing for long service leave ,annual leave , sick leave or other leave except accrual leave transfer payment that is made in the income year According to thi s case the tax payer had not incurred a loss or outgoing under sc 51(1) in the income year in respect of its employees accrued long service leave and annual leave entitlement unless it is paid in that income year ( Nilsen Development laboratories Pty Ltd ORS V FC of T 81 ACT 4031; (1981)144 CLR 616 . III) Sec 8-1 1997 Act This section provides that â€Å"You can deduct from your assessable income any loss or outgoing to the extent that (a) It is incurred in gaining or producing assessable income or (b) It is necessarily incurred in carrying on a business for the purpose of gaining or producing your assessable income. however you cannot deduct a loss or outgoing to the extent that : (a) It is a loss or outgoing of a capital nature b) It is a loss or outgoing of a private or domestic nature of (c) It is incurred in gaining or producing your exempt income or (d) A provision of this act prevents you from deducting it† A deduction for the capital works under division 43 is based on the amount of construction expenditure, that is, capital expenditure incurred in respect of the construction of those capital works . There are three different types of capital works under sec 43-20 A building or an extension, alteration or improvement to a building Structural improvement or extensio n, alterations or improvement to structural improvement. Capital works being earthworks or extension, alteration or improvement to earthworks if they are constructed as a result of environmental protection activities, can be economically maintained in reasonably good order and condition. AS per above terms and condition, the payment of $250000 of architectural design is a capital work under division 43 so the construction expenditure is deductable under TR 97/25. The taxpayer‘s demolition expenditure is not a capital in nature and therefore is not deductable ie . ec 51(1) of the Act. (Mount Isa Mines Ltd V FC of T 92 ATC 4755;( 1992) 176 CLR 141) Similarly the cost of acquisition of land costing $ 1. 2 m and demolishing expenditure of previous structure amounting $50000 and landscaping costing $ 40000 are not deductable. Sec 40-70(2) ITAA 1997 Calculation of deduction amount of capital expenditure Period of your C E* days used *4%/ 365 sec 43-210 ITAA 1997 The amount $2. 5 m is deductable under the rule. As per the above formula, 2. 5m * 330*4%/ 365 = $90411 is deductable Capital work deduction applies for sealed roads, sealed driveways, sealed car park, bridge, pipelines, retaining walls, fences, concrete or rock dams and sports field. Section 43-20(3)(a) Thus the on-site car park with the amount of $125000 is deductable iv Details | Amount | total| | Assessable income| | | | Profit from last year | | 2450000| | Cash dividend | 21000| | Sec 44 –(1)| imputation| 9000| 30000| Div 207| Total assessable income| | 2480000| | Deduction | | | | Material purchased | 25000| | Sec 70-10| Long service leave | 22000| | Sec 26-10| Rental storage space| 9513| | Sec82 KZMD| Architectural design | 250000| | TR97/25 Para 78| Construction of new premises | 90411| | Sec 43-15| Onsite car parking | 125000| | Sec43-20(3)| Total deduction | | 521924| | Taxable income | | 1958076| | Tax payable 1958076 *30% = 587422 Less tax off set 9000 Total tax payable 578422. 8

How to Lead Effective Meetings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

How to Lead Effective Meetings - Essay Example As the discussion highlights  agenda is a list of items that need to be discussed by the participants in order to achieve the objectives of a meeting. Being a form of early warning system, agenda helps the participants of a meeting to be prepared on how to deal with the various topics that will be covered in the meeting. To achieve the goals of the meetings, it is fundamental for the participants to be well prepared before a meeting. Thus, the main role of agenda is to provide the participants with the information in order ensure they are prepared. An agenda works as a time table that is followed by the participants during a meeting.According to the paper findings  an agenda is structured into three major items. The first one is common items that include apologies for absence, minutes of last meeting and matters arising. The second part is specific items that include accounts, special reports and appointments. Thirdly, an agenda has concluding items that includes any other busine ss (AOB) and the date of next meeting. For a meeting to be successful in meeting its aims, all the three items of the agenda must be covered.  Prior to a meeting, Peytons General Supplies department managers ensures adequate preparation. Meeting preparation takes four major steps. First, the managers identify the reasons of holding the meeting. In this way, they ensure that the meetings have clear goals. Secondly, the managers identify who should attend the meeting.

One of the most widely used services in many distributed systems is Essay

One of the most widely used services in many distributed systems is the File Service. Investigate the issue of distributed file systems - Essay Example These challenges will be discussed in this section and also there will be a description of the main architectural features of the Network File System version 4 in relation to its previous versions. Adrian, Teodora and Naiana (2011, p. 801) say that in distributed file systems, caching is an approach that is used to reduce the traffic within the network. Moreover, Tanenbaum and Van Steen (2007, p. 276) emphasize that through catching the reliability and speed of access of data from the server is significantly increased. This means that the users of the system are able to access data with a guarantee of no delays in retrieval. Additionally, caching is aimed at preventing repeated access same data or information. It is through catching that access to data within a system is attained by one user without the redundancy which often results from many users requiring to access, retrieve or modify the same data at the same time. Tanenbaum and Van Steen (2007, p. 277) illustrate that unlike server access, which costs thousands of instructions, cache access is faster as it only costs the client terminal hundreds of instructions. Ainsworth (2009, p. 22) argues that the problem of consiste ncy can be overcome by implementing a write-through technique within the cache policy. The reliability of a write-through cache is relatively high. A delayed write approach may also be used because it saves remote writes, but has relatively poor reliability, especially in situations of a system crash. Caching techniques are designed so that the cached copies of files are presented to the user from the server in an effective manner. Therefore, users have access to the cached copy of files instead of contacting the server directly which mightlead to an overload of the network. According to Dolev and Kat (2005, p. 135), caching presents a challenge of consistency within the processes of file sharing and transfer within a distributed file system. This problem results from the difficulties

Applications of Geographic Information System Essay Example for Free

Applications of Geographic Information System Essay ABSTRACT This paper discusses the application of GIS as a tool in monitoring biodiversity with special reference to Pakistan. The major advantages of satellite data are that the large and inaccessible areas can be covered using a standard approach, with a uniform level of detail and at relatively low coast. Networked information like GIS and Remote sensing not only provides speedy answers to scientific problems and issues, but also broadens planet of possible questions on the conservation and sustainable utilization of biological diversity. Simply we can say that the GIS is associated with two different functions for a geographical perspective on biodiversity data and other environmental issues. (1) It contains a powerful reference base (geographic location), i.e. maps of natural vegetation (endemic, multipurpose, and threatened), soil, land cover, topography, hydrology, bird migration, distribution of fauna and flora, etc. (2) GIS is a powerful and effective way of communicating a large variety of information. In developing countries GIS is used so as to make possible the sustainable development, conservation, management and monitoring of biodiversity. In Pakistan the application of GIS in various fields is still not very common. Talking about its usage for biodiversity conservation, management and monitoring, it is just 5-7 years back. Departments like wildlife department of Sindh, Punjab, Khyber Pakhton Khawa, Baluchistan and Gilgit-Baltistan and various NGOs like IUCN, WWF-P, SUPARCO are using this satellite based technology for conservation, management and monitoring of various ecological characteristics like distribution of flora and fauna, the population and the status of flora and fauna, the health of wetlands, national parks, game reserves and wildlife sanctuaries. In addition to this GIS is also use now a days in Pakistan for land use purposes but this work so far done is not enough to come through the circumstances face by our planet specially the tropical and sub tropical countries like Pakistan. Therefore, in Pakistan there is a need for more comprehensive approaches  that deal with new remote sensing technologies and analysis in a GIS-environment, and that integrate findings collected over longer periods with the aim of prediction. It is also imperative to collect and integrate data from different disciplines. These are essential in the spirit of sustainable development and conservation, management and monitoring of natural resources. Keywords: geographic information system (GIS); biodiversity; monitoring. INTRODUCTION Geographical Information Systems A Geographical Information System (GIS) is a system of hardware, software and procedures to facilitate the conservation, monitoring, management, etc by manipulation, analysis, modeling, representation and display of geo-referenced data to solve complex ecological and environmental problems. GIS functions in a systematic way as: data entry, data display, data management, information retrieval and analysis. The main function of an Information system is to improve one’s ability to make decisions. A geographic information system is an information system that is designed to work with data referenced to spatial or geographic coordinates. GIS is both a database system with specific capabilities for spatially referenced data, as well as a set of operation for working with any type of data as well. The three basic types of GIS applications which might also represent stages of development of a single GIS application are as under (Ramachandran, 1993, Ramachandran et.al., 1997, 1998). Inventory Application The first step in developing a GIS application is making an inventory of the features like flora and fauna for a given geographic area. The emphasis at this stage is the updating of simple data retrieval (Ramachandran, 1993, Ramachandran et.al., 1997, 1998). Analysis Application After the inventory stage, complex queries on multiple layers can be performed using spatial and aspatial analysis techniques. Management Application More advanced spatial and modeling techniques are required to support the decisions of managers and policy makers so that they can better monitor the issues. This means that the shifting of emphasis will be from basic geographic data handling to manipulation, analysis and modeling in order to solve real world problems (Ramachandran, 1993, Ramachandran et.al., 1997, 1998). There has been a revolution in the availability of information and in the development and application of tools for managing information during the past 4 to 5 years (Harison 1995). Geographic information system (GIS) is an important tool for monitoring biodiversity, which accommodates large varieties of spatial and aspatial (attribute) data. The information programmed in a GIS is used to target surveys, measurements and monitoring schemes. Various types of data on species and habitat distribution from different dates allow monitoring of the location and the extent of change. A GIS is actually a spatially referenced database that allows multiple layers of data to be created and displayed together as computerized maps. Data sources may includes aerial surveys, satellite data, existing maps, field surveys and expert knowledge. GIS is such an efficient technology that it enables the standard formatting of all maps used, no matter what their source is. The major advantages of satellite data are that large and inaccessible areas can be covered using a standard approach, with a uniform level of detail and at relatively low coast. Biodiversity means the variety of life in this universe and its definition as given by The Convention on Biological Diversity is: â€Å"The variability among living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are apart, this includes diversity within species and of ecosystems. More simply, the biodiversity is the variety of the world’s organisms, including their genetic makeup and the communities they form. Biodiversity is dynamic: the genetic composition of species changes over time in response to natural and human-induced selection  pressures; the occurrence and relative abundance of species in ecological communities changes as a result of ecological and physical factors (Box 2)†. (Elzinga et al. 2001) defined monitoring as, The collection and analysis of repeated observations or measurements to evaluate changes in condition and progress toward meeting a management objective Monitoring is actually the repeated surveys or measurements taken by means of some standardized procedure so that the predetermined objectives or values be analyzed or interpret. Thus, the biodiversity monitoring is the estimation of diversity at any location more than one time so as to draw inference about any change that has occurred or is likely to occur (Wilson et. al 1996). The attributes of biological diversity that can be assessed at each level of ecological organization were identified by (Wilson et.al 1996). The attributes that could be monitored include the identity, distribution, and proportions of each type of habitat, and the distribution of species within those habitats at landscape level and at ecosystem level, richness, evenness, and diversity of species, guilds and communities are important. Abundance, density and biomass of each population may be of interests on species level and at the genetic level, genetic diversity of individual organisms within population is important. It is very important to assess and interpret biodiversity at all these levels of organization by using various approaches at several spatial and temporal scales (Noss and Cooperrider 1994). DISCUSSION GIS plays an important role as a tool for environmental conservation, management and monitoring, with the current greater concern for sustainable use of resources, and conservation, management and monitoring of biodiversity. Simply we can say that the GIS is associated with two different functions for a geographical perspective on biodiversity data and other environmental issues. (1) It contains a powerful reference base (geographic location), i.e. maps of natural vegetation (endemic, multipurpose, and threatened), soil, land cover, topography, hydrology, bird migration, distribution of fauna and flora, etc. (2) GIS is a powerful and effective way of communicating a large variety of information. In developing countries GIS is used so as to make possible the sustainable development, conservation, management and monitoring of biodiversity. These  countries not only hold a large part of universe’s biodiversity (particularly from tropical coastal ecosystems), but they are also the most vulnerable to environmental degradation. Remote sensing studies relevant to the field of sustainable development in tropical developing countries were provided by Calzadilla P ´erez et al. (2002), Dahdouh-Guebas et al. (2002b), De La Ville et al. (2002), Jayatissa et al. (2002), Kairo et al. (2002), Sulong et al. (2002) and Verheyden et al. (2002). Records of species and other ecological characters or habitat can be stored in a database and mapped to show where they occur and this geographic information can be used to target surveys and monitoring schemes (Marqules Austin, 1991). Spatial and aspatial data from different dates allow monitoring of the location of change (where) to be identified and the extent (how much) measured. The aspatial data include tables of measurements, species and habitat, attributes, images, videos, so und, etc while the spatial data include maps, satellite imagery and aerial images. The taxonomic, ecological and cultural variables required for assessment and monitoring of biological diversity and their corresponding information scales were showed by Davis et al. (1990). A GIS-based approach for the analysis of biodiversity was developed by Walker Faith (1993) and according to this approach species lists for different geographic locations with other geographic data describing the locations of nature reserves and geographic variations in environmental conditions were linked. The analysis modeling applied to environmental data are the recent developments in GIS (Aspinall, 1995), notably predicting the distribution of wildlife species under present and changed environmental conditions, understanding the interaction of habitats and other aspects of ecological infrastructure within landscapes, and interpreting and monitoring biodiversity for use in management. Networked information like GIS and Remote sensing not only provides speedy answers to scientific problems, but also broadens the planet of possible questions on the conservation and sustainable utilization of biological diversity (Canhos et al., 1998). The above examples indicates the monitoring assessment of the status and trends in biodiversity using GIS. In Pakistan the application of GIS in various fields is still not very common. Talking about its usage for biodiversity conservation, management  and monitoring, it is just 5-7 years back. Departments like wildlife department of Sindh, Punjab, Khyber Pakhton Khawa, Baluchistan and Gilgit-Baltistan and various NGOs like IUCN, WWF-P, SUPARCO are using this satellite based technology for conservation, management and monitoring of various ecological characteristics like distribution of flora and fauna, the population and the status of flora and fauna, the health of wetlands, national parks, game reserves and wildlife sanctuaries. In addition to this GIS is also use now a days in Pakistan for land use purposes. According to this GIS based studies Garstang et al. (2003) categorized Wetlands of Pakistan into four broader ecological categories i.e., Montane and Alpine region, Semi-arid region, Arid region and coastal region. The Wetlands Survey Programme Section (WSPS) of Pakistan Wetlands Programme is responsible to carryout nation-wide wetlands’ surveys on birds, mammals, fish, micro macro invertebrates, reptiles and amphibians, vegetation, and water quality, therefore, by using GIS all these biodiversity data along with their observers’ details and observation conditions are being maintained in a web-accessible database deployed at National Council for Conservation of Wildlife (NCCW), Islamabad. Pakistan Wetlands Inventory (PWI) data model integrates or collects the Wetlands Survey Programme and Wetlands GIS programme (Qamer, 2007) and the boundaries of all the protected wetlands were mapped into GIS format using government record, field data and GIS maps. CONCLUSION In Pakistan there is a need for more comprehensive approaches that deal with new satellite based programmes like remote sensing technologies and analysis in a GIS-environment, and that integrate findings collected over longer periods with the aim of prediction. It is also imperative to collect and integrate data from different disciplines of biodiversity. This is very essential in the spirit of sustainable development and conservation, management and monitoring of natural resources. In addition to this the use of GIS and other satellite based systems can save our time due to their fast actions and data taken is also considered more authentic and reliable. REFERENCES Boyd, D.S., Foody, G.M. An overview of recent remote sensing and GIS based research in ecological informatics. Ecological Informatics(2010), doi:10.1016/J.ecoinf. 2010.07.007 Qamer, F. M., Saleem, R., Hussain, N., Akram, U. Raza, S. M. (2008). Multi-scale watershed database of Pakistan, 10th International Symposium on High Mountain Remote Sensing Cartography (HMRSC X), September 8-11, 2008 Katkmandu, Nepal. Walker, J.S., Blaschke, T., 2008. Object-based Land covers classification for the Phoenix metropolitan area: Optimization vs. transportability. International Journal of Remote Sensing 29 (7), 2021_2040. Qamer, F. M. (2007). Pakistan Wetlands Inventory Data Model an approach based on Asian Wetlands Inventory, ISO 19115, and Information Model for Biological Collections guideline.† In: proceedings of Student Conference on Conservation Science, University of Cambridge, March 2007, Cambridge, UK. Walker, J.S., Briggs, J.M., 2007. An object-oriented approach to urban forest mapping in phoenix. Photogrammetric Engineering Remote Sensing 73 (5), 577_583. Tucker, G., Bubb P., de Heer M., Miles L., Lawrence A., Bajracharya S. B., Nepal R. C., Sherchan R., Chapagain N.R. 2005. 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Calzadilla P ´erez, A., Damen, M.C.J., Geneletti, D. and Hobma, T.W.: 2002, ‘Monitoring a recent delta formation in a tropical coastal wetland using remote sensing and GIS. Case study: Guapo River delta, Laguna de Tacarigua, Venezuela’, in F. Dahdouh-Guebas (ed.), Remote Sensing and GIS in the Sustainable Management of Tropical Coastal Ecosystems, Environment, Development and Sustainability 4(2), 201–219. De La Ville, N., Chumaceiro Diaz, A. and Ramirez, D.: 2002, ‘Remote sensing and GIS technologies as tools to support sustainable management of areas devastated by landslides’, in F. Dahdouh-Guebas (ed.), Remote Sensing and GIS in the Sustainable Management of Tropical Coastal Ecosystems, Environment, Development and Sustainability 4(2), 93–112. Dahdouh-Guebas, F., Zetterstr ¨om, T., R ¨onnb ¨ack, P., Troell, M.,Wickramasinghe, A. and Koedam, N.: 2002b, ‘Recent changes in land-use in the Pambala-Chilaw Lagoon complex (Sri Lanka) investigated using remote sensing and GIS: conservation of mangroves vs. development of shrimp farming, in F. Dahdouh- Guebas (ed.), Remote Sensing and GIS in the Sustainable Management of Tropical Coastal Ecosystems, Environment, Development and Sustainability 4(2), 93–112. . Jayatissa, L.P., Guero, M.C., Hettiarachchi, S. andKoedam, N.: 2002, ‘Changes in vegetation cover and socioeconomic transitions in a coastal lagoon (Kalametiya, Sri Lanka), as observed by teledetection and ground truthing, can be attributed to an upstream irrigation scheme’, in F. Dahdouh-Guebas (ed.), Remote Sensing and GIS in the Sustainable Management of Tropical Coastal Ecosystems, Environment, Development and Sustainability 4(2), 93–112. Sulong, I., Mohd-Lokman, H., Tarmizi, K. and Ismail, A.: 2002, ‘Mangrove mapping using Landsat imagery and aerial photographs: Kemaman District, Terengganu, Malaysia’, in F. Dahdouh-Guebas (ed.), Remote Sensing and GIS in the Sustainable Management of Tropical Coastal Ecosystems, Environment, Development and Sustainability 4(2), 93–112. Verheyden, A., Dahdouh-Guebas, F., Thomaes, K., De Genst, W., Hettiarachchi, S. and Koedam, N.: 2002, ‘High resolution vegetation data for mangrove research as obtained from aerial photography’, in F. Dahdouh-Guebas (ed.), Remote Sensing and GIS in the Sustainable Management of Tropical Coastal Ecosystems, Environment, Development and Sustainability 4(2), 113–133. Elzinga, C. L., D. W. Salzer, J. W. Willoughby, and J. P. Gibbs. 2001. Monitoring plant and animal populations. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Abingdon, UK. Ramachandran, S., Devasenapathy, J., Sundramoorthy, S. and Krishnamoorthy, R. (2000a). Satellite Remote Sensing Application in Coastal Zone Management, In: Marine Remote Sensing Applications. Institute for Ocean Management, Anna University, pp. 87-90. Ramachandran, S., Ramesh, S. and Krishnamoorthy, R. (2000b). Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Coastal Lagoonal Ecosystem: A Case Study from Pulicat Lake, Southern India, In: Marine Remote Sensing Applications. Institute for Ocean Management, Anna University, pp. 333-343. Dev Bahera, M.(1999): Remote sensing and environment. Employment news : 26 th June 2nd July 1999. Hussin. Y.A, Mahfud, M. and Zuhair Michael Weir (1999). Monitoring Mangrove Forests using Remote Sensing and GIS. GIS development proceedings, ACRS. Ramachandran. S, Sundramoorthy, S., Krishnamoorthy, R., Devasenapathy , J. and Thanikachalam, M. (1998). Application of Remote Sensing and GIS to Coastal Wetland Ecology of Tamilnadu and Andaman and Nicobar group of Islands with special reference to Mangroves. Current Science, 75(3) :101-109. Ramachandran. S, Krishnamoorthy, R., Sundramoorthy, S., Parviz, Z.F., Kalyanamuthiah, A. and Dharanirajan, K. (1997). Management of Coastal Environments in Tamilnadu and Andama n Nicobar Islands based on Remote Sensing and GIS approach. MAEER’S MIT, Pune Journal, IV (15 16), Special issue on Coastal Environmental Management, pp. 129-140. Gupta, B.N. and Biswas Sas (1997) : Biodiversity characterization at land scape level using satellite remote sensing. Paper presented in a workshop, Biodiversity characterization using remote sensing project of National Remote sensing agency, Hyderabad, sponsored by department of space and biotechnology, Govt. Of India organized by NRSA at Hyderabad, India. Scott, J.M., Tear, T.H. Davis, F.W. (1996). Gap Analysis: A Landscape Approach to Biodiversity Planning. Maryland, USA, American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Harrison, J. (1995). Finding the information Stein, B.A. (1997). Designing information systems to support biodiversity conservation. In: Hawksworth, D.L., Kirk, P.M. Clarke, S.D. (Eds), Biodiversity Information Needs and Options, pp. 5–20. Proceedings of the 1996 International Workshop on Biodiversity Information. CAB International.on. Parks, 5: 12–19. Aspinall, R.J. (1995). Geographic information systems: their use for environmental management and nature conservation. Parks, 5: 20–31. KMTNC/ACAP/BCDP (1994): Final Draft Report. King Mahendra Trust for Nature Conservation, Annapurna Conservation Area Project, Biodiversity Conservation Data Project. March 1994. Ramachandran. S. (1993). Coastal Zone Information System – Pilot project for Rameswaram area. Report submitted to Department of Ocean Development. Govt. of India, 40 pp. Scott, J.M., Davis, F., Csuti, B., Noss, R., Butterfield, G.C., Anderson, H. Caccio, S., D’Erchia, F., Edwards, T.C., Ulliman, J. Wright, R.G. (1993). Gap analysis: a geographic approach to conservation of biological diversity. Wildlife Monographs, 123: 1–41. Walker, P. Faith, D.P. (1993). Diversity: a software package for sampling phylogenetic and environmental diversity. Division of Wildlife and Ecology. Australia: CSIRO. Wilson, E. O. The Diversity of Life (Norton, New York, 1992). Marqules, C.R. Austin, M.P. (Eds) (1991). Nature conservation: cost effective biological surveys and data analysis. Australia: CSIRO. Davis, F.W., Stoms, D.M., Estes, J.E., Scepan, J. Scott, J.M. (1990). An information systems approach to the preservation of biological diversity. International Journal of Geographic Information Systems, 4: 55–78. Scott, DA (comp) (1989). A Directory of Asian Wetlands. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, United Kingdom. Wilson, E. O. F. M. Peter (Eds.). (1988) Biodiversity. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences Press.

The Nearly Fatal Snow Caving Trip Essay -- Reflection Memoir Essays

The Nearly Fatal Snow Caving Trip Sharp pains shooting through muscles, trying to avoid sleep, hypothermia set in on an Antarctic ice crevasse researcher. I had the opportunity to go snow caving with my brother, Josh. I was confident in my winter backcountry skills and anticipated a memorable trip. I did not know what I was getting into. Growing colder day-by-day, winter became more dominant. Deep snow made travel difficult. To navigate through this terrain, I would have to wear special equipment. There are a few ways to travel over snow: snowmobiles, cross-country skis, and snowshoes. The uneven terrain and fresh powder called for snowshoes. Along with shoes, winter camping requires many other types of gear. To cope with the cold, I had to pack bulky warm clothing, and sleeping gear. The Campin' Gaz lantern and stove, both blue and oddly shaped, were necessary for a cold night without a fire. Large, stiff, blue tarps were needed to repel the wet snow while heavy, green foldable shovels comprised the majority of the weight in my pack. The down filled, sleeping bag received much of the attention of my pack's available space. A Kelty 5400 cubic inch Red Cloud swelled with these items, impatient to be worn. With our gear ready, we boarded our transportation, a brown, earth-colored Subaru wagon, was the car of choice. The packs filled the little space of the hatchback. Through the neighboring towns, we made our way to the top of the mesa. After we reached our chosen parking area, we stepped out of the brown machine quickly realizing that we needed to put the rest of our clothes on. After only a moment to acclimate, we prepared our gear. Hurling Kelty over my back, I balanced to put on my orange, plastic, snowshoes. Al... ... to be inside this precarious place, I was careful with every movement. As we both lay in our bags, the cave's darkness soon soothed our eyes and sleep came to our tired bodies. Striking camp early in the morning we traversed over the white, moon lit landscape. We arrived at the car for a late lunch, which ended our camping trip. Thanks to my knowledge of winter backcountry, and my brother, I made it back alive. Now I realize more possibilities and consequences before I am doing dangerous things. Even with all the knowledge and experience, nature can still prevail. Luckily, this was not the case this time. I am extremely thankful for my brother, and he is thankful to still have a brother. I am continually learning new knowledge and skills and am still humbled by this experience. I hoped that this would be a memorable trip, but it turned out to be life changing.

How the Bill of Rights Affects My Life

In 1791, the first ten amendments to the Constitution of the United States, also known as the Bill of Rights, become ratified. The Bill of Rights contained freedoms that Americans held to be their inalienable rights, and were so important that before ratifying the Constitution many states insisted on a promise of amendments guaranteeing individual rights. It was created to set limitations on the power of the United States government, protecting the natural rights of liberty and property. The Bill of Rights affects every Americans life, in many different ways: it sets standards for people to live by, it gives us the right to be citizens, and it also gives us freedom of speech. The Bill of Rights gives citizens freedom, but it also crosses the line between right and wrong. It punishes those that have done wrong, and rewards those that deserve it. It basically sets boundaries, not just for the lower or middle class, but for everyone. It reminds me of the Ten Commandments; rules are set for the people of the land, and when those rules are broken, justice is served. The Bill of Rights also gives us the right to be citizens of the United States. Not just anyone can become an actual citizens, most aliens in the U. S. are illegal. Why? Because the Bill of Rights put a stop to them becoming legal; and while that has its positives and negatives, I believe that it’s a good thing that not everyone can become a citizen of our great nation. The culture, the history, the population, all of it would be different if just anyone was allowed in. I wouldn’t be the person that I am today. Lastly, the Bill of Rights grants us the freedom of speech. The liberty to speak our minds and say what we need to say. In so many countries freedom of speech is banned, and here, sometimes even I take it for granted. Freedom of Speech is saying what you believe needs to be said, whether good or bad, without being punished for it. So, as one can see the Bill of Rights not only affects my life, but it also affects the lives of others around me. We the people are so blessed to be citizens of this nation, and to think that our ancestors (somewhere way down the line) were the great minds that created the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights sets standards for people to abide by, it grants select people to become citizens, and it gives us the freedom of speech; but, those are just the highlights and there’s more to that book than just its cover.

Coffee, Tea And Chocolate In The Renaissance - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1925 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/05/28 Category Art Essay Level High school Tags: Renaissance Essay Did you like this example? Today Europe is a hub of coffee, tea, and chocolate culture and production. Thus, many believe that coffee, tea, and chocolate has been in Europe since or before the Renaissance and that the popularity of these caffeinated commodities aided in the surge of great minds within the Italian Renaissance. However, is that really true, while working from 1300 to 1600 A.D? The aim, then of this general survey will be to find if there is a correlation between tea, coffee, and chocolate with the coming of the Renaissance The direct origin of coffee is fraught with legend and speculation but it is important in the story of how coffee ended up a global commodity.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Coffee, Tea And Chocolate In The Renaissance" essay for you Create order Abu al-Tayyib al-Ghazzi of the Arab tradition tells one of the oldest origins of coffee during the reign of Solomon. The story goes that Solomon was said to have come in his travels to a town whose inhabitants were afflicted with some unspecified disease. On the command of the angel Gabriel, he roasted coffee beans from the Yemen, from which he brewed the drink, which when given to the sufferers, cured them of their illness. It is then latter alluded that the origins of coffee were then immediately forgotten until the 16th century. Other tales involve outcasted priest doctors who forage on the beans to survive or a shepherd who noticed the vigor of his sheep and decides to try the odd fruit they had recently eaten. Regardless of the factual correctness that the myths no doubtingly lack, it is clear that coffee has an Arabic origin and was probably first cultivated in modern-day Yemen and Ethiopia. There is also strong evidence that coffee has a distinct connection to the Sufi Mystic Religion, prominent west of the Red Sea. The Sufi religion had relatively unique ceremonies that may have lead to their adaptation of coffee as a means of staying awake longer. The Sufi religion was and still stands as Islamic in base. It holds firm roots in not only Islam but philosophy, music, medicine, and most importantly alchemy. Alchemy was not just around to turn rocks into gold it was used by the Sufi sect to try and understand the spiritual quest for the transmutation of the human soul. Coffee was then first adopted, in the late 15th century, as a drinking substance by this sect, not only to help stay awake during lengthy night rituals but because the process of roasting these beans demonstrated their faith in alchemy. Coffee then became not only a physical substance but a religious affair. From here coffee quickly began to spread. From the mountains of Yemen, coffee went to Mecca, no doubt due to its religious influence. From there, coffee spread throughout the entire Islamic world even entering into Cairo within the 15th century. It would be easy to assume coffee made its way across the Mediterranean similar to the hop over the Red Sea into Mecca. Surly, coffee had the ability to directly influence Europe with its invigorating properties, now that it could flow out of the ports of Cairo and straight to Venice. However, there is a different story. Coffee probably did make its way back in small private collections but there was yet to be an international trade of co ffee like we see today. The issue of immediate trade was a religious one. Its common knowledge that Islam and Catholicism did not fare well together. Coffee was until the turn of the 16th century in Europe confined to the avant-garde, such as the students, faculty, and visitors at the University of Padua. Coffee was under attack during the reign of Pope Clement VIII as it was just recently brought into the realm by Venetian merchants. The claim was that the black substance was of the infidel and thus of the devil. Many urged its ban immediately, but Pope Clement VIII decided upon tasting the drink decided, itrs flavor and effect were so delightful that he declared it would be a shameful waste to leave it to the heathen. It was then in the year 1600 that coffee had made its official debut in Europe just after the accepted end date of the Renaissance being 1300 1600 A.D. Down with the idea of Renaissance Coffee; it simply did not exist in Europe with a large enough quantity to make a plausible impact. But what of the caffeinated bean known as chocolate? Many know its origins began in the new world alongside the Aztec Empire. It is even more commonly know that the new world was discovered in 1492 when Columbus sailed the ocean blue. Although 1492 is nearly 200 years old it seems it is a better contender than coffee. The origins of chocolate are then needed to understand its effects and circulation within society. Chocolate goes by another name still used today; coco is the current word but cacao can be traced as the roots and even more excitingly the word kakawa can be linked and traced to the word as late as 1000 B.C. This recent discovery is is thanks to the linkage of the word Cacao dating back to the native roots of the Mixe-Zoquean language group but most importantly to the Olmec Civilization. It was in the Olmec site of San Lorenzo that linguists could place the earliest record of the word, kakawa, within the Olmec period inferring that these people are the first to ever cultivate the cocoa bean. From here the story of chocolate in the Americas follows the path of most commodities. Chocolate is traded and the Mayans soon begin cultivating the Cacao plant. The Mayans while in the height of their power traded cocoa with the Toltecs in the 9th century and soon the drink was widespread and was even regarded as a form of currency amongst the Mayan dominion and later the Aztecs in the 12th ce ntury. Then the conquistadors arrived late on the onset of the 16th century and find the drink and product within their New-Spain. The diffusion of chocolate culture from Latin America to Europe is important. Not only because the old world had no cocoa plant to cultivate but because the old world was fiercely in competition with itself. Similarly to Islam and Catholicism, trade and secrets ran deep, especially between Portugal and Spain. This minute detail is actually the reason why coffee had a delayed and profound start through Europe. Christopher Columbus did indeed make the first contact with natives and from there the first shipment of cocoa reached Seville Spain in 1585. However, the important note here is that chocolate did not flourish throughout Europe instantly and with a great deal of certainty, due to Charles the V, chocolate remained almost completely isolated within Spain. Unfortunately for the hypothesis of chocolate aiding the renaissance during most of the 16th century, chocolate and the stimulating effects of its caffeine it holds remained a cherished Spanish secret. It was not until 1606 that Italy became the second country to enjoy chocolate that all of Europe began to enjoy its benefits. Thus, just like coffee, chocolate comes just too late to have aided in the plethora of thought throughout the Italian Renaissance. Next there is tea. Did tea have any correlation to the coming of the Italian Renaissance? Well, to start the origins of tea is in Southeast Asia, specifically China. No one is exactly sure when the Chinese started using plant leaves for beverage purposes. However, in Chinese legends they date the origin of tea back to 2737 B.C. under the reign of Emperor Shen Nung the Divine Healer. In reality, the first reliable mention of tea comes in the 317 A.D. by a general of the Chin dynasty, writing to his nephew Liu Yen, the governor of Yenchow in the province of Shantung, that he felt aged and depressed and wanted some real tu [tea]. Then in 350 A.D. the Chinese scholar Kuo Po gives the first definition of tea in his work, the Erh Ya. In Erh Ya, under the name of kia or ku tu the definition is a beverage is made from the leaves by boiling. For a long time tea was used solely as a medical beverage, eventually in the late sixth century A.D. the Chinese started to use tea as a regular drink. T ea became a very popular beverage to the Chinese for both medical and recreational purposes, to the point that tea leaves were an average trading item and people were developing different methods of preparing tea. Through trade, tea spread to the rest of the provinces in China, to Japan, and to India. According to William Uker in All About Tea, the knowledge of tea was probably introduced into the Island Empire along with Chinese Civilization, the fine arts, and Buddhism, about A.D. 593, in the reign of Prince Shotoku. Later on tea cultivation was introduced to Japan, which the Japanese ran with and began their own styles of cultivation and preparation. Japan is very important to how tea reached Europe. Tea was first mentioned in Europe during the mid 16th century, by a few merchants and multiple Jesuits on missions in Japan. In 1546, the merchant Jorge Alvares in a report writes about how the both Japanese nobles and ordinary people drank hot water mixed with herbs, which is the first European reference to tea. Tea continued to be referred to as hot water by the European merchants and the Jesuit missionaries in their reports and letters back to Europe. It is through Japan that tea is introduced into Europe. Dutch traders were the first to bring tea, mostly green teas, into Europe in the year 1610. With the first introduction of tea into Europe being after the end of the Renaissance period, it is therefore absurd for tea to have any correlation with the coming of the Renaissance. Nor did tea have any major influence during the Renaissance. Rather tea was popular after the end of the Renaissance and by the Enlightenment period, tea was one of the most sought after drinks, especially in England. In conclusion, coffee, chocolate, and tea does not yield a correlation with the Italian Renaissance. Although, all beverages were in existence before the Italian Renaissance, they were not in Europe until right at the end or after the end of the Renaissance. Anyone who says coffee, chocolate, or tea was a key feature of the Renaissance is mistaken and all they need to do is a little bit of research into the subject. Bibliography Coe, Sophie D., and Michael D. Coe. The True History of Chocolate. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2013. Hattox, Ralph S. Coffee and Coffeehouses: The Origins of a Social Beverage in the Medieval Near East. Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press, 2002. Preedy, Victor R. Caffeine: Chemistry, Analysis, Function and Effects. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2015. Stella, Alain. The Little Book of Coffee. Paris: Flammarion, 2001. Ukers, William H. All About Tea. Vol. 1. 2 vols. New York: Tea and Coffee Trade Journal Company, 1935. https://archive.org/details/AllAboutTeaV1/page/n0. Varley, Paul and Isao, Kumakura. (1989). Tea in Japan. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press. Wild, Antony. Coffee: A Dark History. New York: Norton, 2005.  Secondary Bibliography Grivetti, Louis, and Howard-Yana Shapiro. Chocolate: History, Culture, and Heritage. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2009. Lach, Donald F. Asia in the Making of Europe. Vol 1. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1965. Massey, John L. Coffee: Production, Consumption and Health Benefits. New York: Nova Publishers, 2016. Weinberg, Bennett Alan., and Bonnie K. Bealer. The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the Worlds Most Popular Drug. New York: Routledge, 2001.